National League for Nursing (NLN PAX) Practice Exam

Which of the following is a common effect of chronic smoking?

1. Chronological aging

2. Digestive disorders

3. Emphysema

4. Vision loss

The correct answer is: Emphysema

Emphysema is a common effect of chronic smoking due to the damage that smoking does to the lungs and airways. When tobacco smoke is inhaled over an extended period, it leads to inflammation and destruction of the alveoli, the small air sacs in the lungs where gas exchange occurs. This results in a decreased surface area available for oxygen absorption and carbon dioxide removal, ultimately impacting breathing efficiency. Chronic smoking also leads to a persistent cough and mucus production, contributing to the overall decline in respiratory function that characterizes emphysema. Over time, the elastic fibers in the lung tissue become damaged, making it harder to exhale air properly and leading to air trapping within the lungs. Consequently, emphysema is a serious and progressive respiratory condition closely linked to long-term smoking habits, highlighting the need for smoking cessation to prevent further lung damage.