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When a population is described as imperiled, it indicates that it is at significant risk of decline or extinction. This term is often used in the context of species conservation, where imperiled populations face threats that could lead to their endangerment. Being "endangered" specifically means that the species is facing a high probability of extinction in the foreseeable future, which directly aligns with the meaning of "imperiled."

In ecological discussions, the term highlights the urgent need for conservation efforts to protect these populations from further decline. Understanding this context clarifies that while "exploited" refers to being overused or taken advantage of, it does not inherently indicate the level of risk for extinction. Similarly, "enfranchised" and "enlightened" pertain more to social and political rights or awareness, which do not connect to the biological or ecological implications of being imperiled. Thus, the correct choice effectively captures the essence of what it means for a population to be imperiled.