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Ganglia are primarily composed of neurons, specifically the cell bodies of nerve cells. These clusters of neuronal cell bodies are found outside the central nervous system and play a crucial role in transmitting signals between the central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system. Within ganglia, neurons can be further classified as sensory neurons, which transmit information from sensory receptors, or autonomic neurons, which are involved in involuntary bodily functions.

The arrangement of the ganglia allows for the processing and transmission of nerve signals in a more organized manner compared to isolated neurons. This structure makes ganglia essential for reflex actions and coordinating responses in the body.

While glial cells, muscle cells, and connective tissue contribute to other aspects of the nervous system and overall bodily function, they do not constitute the primary component of ganglia. Glial cells support and protect neurons, muscle cells are involved in movement, and connective tissue provides structural support, but it is the neurons that are the defining feature of ganglia.