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In which phase change is heat energy absorbed?

Br2 (l) -> Br2(s)

Br2 (g) --> Br2(l)

Br2 (l) -> Br2(g)

In the phase change where Br2 (l) transitions to Br2 (g), heat energy is absorbed. This process is known as vaporization or evaporation, where a substance changes from a liquid state to a gaseous state. During this transition, the molecules of the liquid gain enough energy to overcome intermolecular forces and disperse into the gas phase, requiring the input of heat.

In contrast, other processes like solid to liquid (melting) or gas to liquid (condensation) involve different energy dynamics. For example, when Br2 (g) changes to Br2 (l), heat energy is released as the gas molecules lose energy and become more closely packed as a liquid. Similarly, when Br2 (l) is transformed directly into solid Br2, heat is also released. Thus, the only phase change in which heat is absorbed occurs when going from liquid to gas.

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Br2 (g) -> Br2(s)

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