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Scurvy is primarily caused by a deficiency of Vitamin C, which is essential for the synthesis of collagen, a protein that is vital for the health of connective tissues, skin, blood vessels, and bones. Without adequate Vitamin C intake, the body cannot produce enough collagen, leading to symptoms such as weakness, anemia, gum disease, and skin issues. It was historically recognized in sailors who had limited access to fresh fruits and vegetables during long voyages, illustrating the importance of Vitamin C in maintaining overall health.

While Vitamin D, Vitamin A, and Niacin (Vitamin B3) are all important in various biological functions and preventing their deficiencies can lead to other health issues, they do not directly relate to the condition of scurvy. Vitamin D is crucial for calcium absorption and bone health, Vitamin A is important for vision and immune function, and Niacin plays a role in energy metabolism. Therefore, the distinction lies in the specific functionalities these vitamins have within the body, making Vitamin C the clear answer when identifying the cause of scurvy.